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''Maryland v. West Virginia'', , is a 9-to-0 ruling by the United States Supreme Court which held that the boundary between the American states of Maryland and West Virginia is the south bank of the Potomac River. The decision also affirmed criteria for adjudicating boundary disputes between states, which said that decisions should be based on the specific facts of the case, applying the principles of law and equity in such a way that least disturbs private rights and title to land. ==Background== On June 20, 1632, Charles I, King of England, made a land grant in North America to Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore which became the Province of Maryland (later the state of Maryland). This grant set the boundary of Maryland at the low-water mark of the southern bank of the Potomac River.〔Scott, James Brown. ''Judicial Settlement of Controversies Between States of the American Union.'' Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1919, p. 473; Risjord, Norman K. ''Jefferson's America, 1760-1815.'' Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002, p. 217.〕 On September 27, 1688, King James II made a land grant in North America to Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper which became the Colony of Virginia (later the commonwealth of Virginia).〔Harrison, Fairfax. ''Virginia Land Grants: A Study of Conveyancing in Relation to Colonial Politics.'' Westminster, Md.: Willow Bend Books, 1998, p. 75.〕 This grant designated "the Potomac River" as the boundary of Virginia.〔Whyte, W. Pinkney and Jones, Isaac D. ''Boundary Line Between the States of Maryland and Virginia. Before the Honorable Jeremiah S. Black, Honorable William A. Graham, and Honorable Charles J. Jenkins, Arbitrators Upon the Boundary Line Between the States of Virginia and Maryland.'' Baltimore, Md.: 1874, p. 75.〕 The conflicting grants led to a long-running border dispute between Maryland and Virginia. The two states settled navigational and riparian water rights in a compact in 1785, but the boundary dispute continued.〔Scott, James Brown. ''Judicial Settlement of Controversies Between States of the American Union.'' Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1919, p. 484.〕〔Zimmerman, Joseph F. ''Interstate Disputes: The Supreme Court's Original Jurisdiction.'' Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York, 2006, p. 131-132.〕〔The success of the compact led directly to calls for hold a series of meetings to improve the Articles of Confederation, then the constitutional document of the United States. This meeting turned into the Philadelphia Convention, which subsequently drafted the United States Constitution. See: Dellapenna, Joseph W. "Transboundary Water Allocation in the Twenty-First Century: Colloquiam Article: Interstate Struggles Over Rivers: The Southeastern States and the Struggle Over 'Hooch." ''New York University Environmental Law Journal.'' 12:828 (2005), p. 867, n.216.〕 Maryland entered into a separate dispute with Virginia regarding the placement of its true southern boundary in the west. The land grant given to Lord Baltimore stated that the Potomac River to its headwaters was to be the southern boundary of Maryland.〔(Wroth, Lawrence C. "The Story of Thomas Cresap, A Maryland Pioneer." ''Maryland Historical Magazine.'' March 1914, p. 34 ); Arnett, Earl; Brugger, Robert J.; and Papenfuse, Edward C. ''Maryland: A New Guide to the Old Line State.'' Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, p. 586.〕 From that point, a north-south meridian set the state's western border. At that time no one realized that the Potomac River split into a North Branch and South Branch just east of Green Spring in what is now Hampshire County, West Virginia. The South Branch extended westward for many more miles than the North Branch. The question arose as to which branch constituted the main branch of the Potomac River. For many years, the North Branch was considered the main bed of the river, and Maryland's southern boundary was set there.〔(Clark, William Bullock. ''The Geography of Maryland.'' Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1918, p. 46. )〕 In 1746, Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron sent a party of surveyors to find the headwaters of the Potomac River.〔Conway, Moncure Daniel. ''Barons of the Potomack and the Rappahannock.'' New York: Grolier Club, 1892, p. 235-236.〕 On October 23, 1746, they located what they believed to be the headwaters at what is now Fairfax Stone Historical Monument State Park. They carved the letters "Ffx" and Lord Fairfax's coronet into a large pyramidal rock and placed it at the center of these headwaters.〔〔Ogilvie, Philip W. ''Along the Potomac.'' Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 2000, p. 11.〕 In 1748, the Fairfax Stone and the meridian north of it were approved by the Virginia House of Burgesses and the King in Council as the boundary between Virginia and Maryland.〔(Kercheval, Samuel; Faulkner, Charles James; and Jacob, John Jeremiah. ''A History of the Valley of Virginia.'' Woodstock, Va.: W.N. Grabill, 1902, p. 165. )〕 The Maryland Assembly passed legislation in April 1787 to formally establish this north-south meridian. Francis Deakins was appointed surveyor, and in 1788 established what became known as the "Deakins line." The Deakins line became the ''de facto'' border of Maryland. Unfortunately, the Deakins line was not straight, and it was not a true meridian but rather drifted to the east (intersecting the border with Pennsylvania about three-quarters of a mile east of where it should have done).〔〔Morton, Oren Frederic and Cole, J.R. ''A History of Preston County, West Virginia.'' Kingwood, W.Va.: Journal Publishing Co., 1914, p. 162.〕 Maryland and Virginia passed legislation in the early 1850s asking the federal government's help in establishing the true border in the area. In 1859, the United States Secretary of War John B. Floyd ordered Lieutenant Nathaniel Michler of the United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers to establish a true meridian boundary.〔〔Morton and Cole, ''A History of Preston County, West Virginia,'' 1914, p. 162-163.〕 Virginia refused to accept this line as the true boundary, arguing that the Deakins line had long been accepted as the border between the two states.〔 In the interim, both states had been busy creating counties in the area and selling this land to private citizens. The state of Virginia created Monongalia County in 1776 out of what was then the unincorporated territory of the District of West August.〔Newman, Betty Cunningham. ''Adam and 500 More Cunninghams of the Valley of Virginia, c. 1734-c. 1800.'' Bowie, Md.: Heritage Books, 2000, p. 253.〕 In 1780, two parts of then-Augusta County were also added to Monongalia County.〔 In 1818, the Virginia state legislature created Preston County out of a portion of Monongalia County.〔Morton and Cole, ''A History of Preston County, West Virginia,'' 1914, p. 10.〕 The state of Maryland in 1789 created Allegany County from a portion of Washington County, and then split Garrett County off from Allegany County in 1872. Each state claimed the narrow triangular strip of land between them, leaving landowners in the area angry and confused.〔 During the American Civil War, Virginia attempted to secede from the United States in 1861 over the issue of slavery. Voters in 41 northwestern counties of Virginia (including Preston County) voted to secede from Virginia the same year, and in 1863 the new state of West Virginia was admitted into the union with the United States.〔Rice, Otis K. and Brown, Stephen Wayne. ''West Virginia: A History.'' Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1993, p. 113-114, 116-123, 140-153.〕 Virginia challenged both actions in the U.S. Supreme Court after the war ended, but the Court ruled in West Virginia's favor in ''Virginia v. West Virginia'', 78 U.S. 39 (1870). The new state of West Virginia also claimed the old Deakins line as its true boundary with Maryland.〔 On October 12, 1891, the state of Maryland filed suit against the state of West Virginia to settle a dispute regarding the nature of the true boundary between Allegany County, Maryland, and Preston County, West Virginia. By now, the South Branch had been determined to be the main source of the Potomac River, and Maryland began to claim the South Branch as its true southern boundary.〔 In 1897, the state of Maryland appointed a team of surveyors to locate the headwaters of the South Branch of the Potomac River. A marker named the "Potomac Stone" was placed there, and a new survey line north to the Pennsylvania border established, which Maryland claimed as its new border.〔〔(Teter, Don and Green, John L. "Finding the Potomac Stone." ''The American Surveyor.'' 10:10 (September 27, 2013). ) Accessed 2013-10-24.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maryland v. West Virginia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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